Comparison of Public and Community Health - 3105 Words

Comparison of Public and Community Health: Pertinent History and Available Resources Comparison of Public and Community Health: Pertinent History and Available Resources The terms public health and community health are oftentimes mistaken to have the same definition; however, the terms although similar have different meanings, as well as implications in application as it applies to health. Both public health and community health serve the health needs of individuals within communities; however, each service began with different approaches to achieve the goals. This paper will define and compare public and community health, the associated objectives, and explore the pertinent history of each service as well as available resources.†¦show more content†¦1). Community Health services center in â€Å"the delivery of personal health care services to individuals, families, and groups† (Stanhope amp; Lancaster, 2008, p. 1) to positively affect the health of the community and includes the environment in which the population reside. Public and Community Health History and Resources History of Public and Community Health Numerous health emergencies in our nation over the last several hundred years have lead to the formal development of Public and Community Health programs and services. The widespread devastation of the effects of disease within the population of the nation and an inadequate supply of health care delivery services led to the development of schools, agencies, and providers of care to assist with decreasing death and disability of the population and within vulnerable populations such as the poor and underserved. Understanding how infectious disease affects health and the environmental conditions in which disease spreads was at the center of the early public health establishment. Diseases such as small pox, measles, cholera, diphtheria, pertussis, polio, meningitis, influenza and tuberculosis were rampant and caused many deaths. The spread of many of these diseases devastated whole communities and families and led the government to develop progra ms to track and stop the spread of disease. At theShow MoreRelatedComparison of Public and Community Health972 Words   |  4 PagesCOMPARISON OF PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY HEALTH Comparison of Public and Community Health University of Phoenix NUR/408 Michelle Hogsed July 7, 2014 . Comparison of Public and Community Health Public and community health work simultaneously as well as separately to protect the populations of the world. Public health focuses on the health of an entire nation and community health focuses on health and wellness of various communities. The World Health Organization (WHO) believesRead MoreA Comparison of Community Psychology and Public Health1179 Words   |  5 PagesA COMPARISON OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH. In this assignment the key differences and similarities of community psychology and the public health approach will be examined and critically compared. Community Psychology is a branch of psychology which is concerned primarily with achieving positive mental health in the broader context of the community rather than the individual. Public health is primarily concerned and focused on changing behaviours within the context of the public inRead MoreComparison with Community Psychology and Public Health1055 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The American Heritage Medical dictionary (Website one, 2007) defines community psychology (CP) as â€Å"the application of psychology to community programs for the prevention of mental health disorders and the promotion of mental health.† Public health (PH) on the other hand is defined as â€Å"the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases; application of sanitary measures and monitoringRead MoreComparison with Community Psychology and Public Health1049 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The American Heritage Medical dictionary (Website one, 2007) defines community psychology (CP) as â€Å"the application of psychology to community programs for the prevention of mental health disorders and the promotion of mental health.† Public health (PH) on the other hand is defined as â€Å"the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases; application of sanitary measures and monitoringRead MoreWe Call This A Community Health Needs Assessment ( Chna )1705 Words   |  7 Pagesthat â€Å"every public health agency regularly and systematically [collect, assemble, analyze, and make] available information on the health of the community, including statistics on health status, community health needs, and epidemiologic and other studies of health problems.† Today, we call this a community health needs assessment (CHNA). This is based on data collection, analysis, a list of health needs, and issues (Reed Fleming, 2014). This systematic process helps to determine the health needs ofRead MoreHealth Disparities : Transportation Equity And Applied Theories Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Disparities: Transportation Equity and Applied Theories Summary of the Problem and Applied Middle-Range Theory All people, regardless of demographics, race, age, or physical limitations, deserve to have access to available resources within their own community. According to the American Public Health Association (APHA), health equity is defined as: all individuals merit the opportunity to achieve optimal health (Health Equity, 2016); furthermore, health disparities are described as the â€Å"differencesRead MoreHealth Disparities Among African Americans1355 Words   |  6 PagesHealth disparities amongst African-Americans continue to destabilize not just the various communities but the health care system as a whole. Minority groups especially African-Americans are more probable to agonize from certain health illnesses, have higher mortality rates and lower life expectancy than another other race in the nation. Health disparities are complex and incorporate lifestyle choices, socioeconomic factors such as income, education and employment and access to care services. ForRead MoreThe Stigma o f Mental Disabilities773 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of desirability has divided society in two groups. One group has been categorized as the higher- achiever and the other group as the low-achievers. This comparison has been embedded into society for so many years. During the 50’s it was used to protect white middle-class students. Today is mostly used to described people who have mental or physical impairments. Sleeter and Longmore researched how the concept of disability has had a negative development through the US society. SleeterRead MoreCompare the Lib vs Google Article959 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 25, 2013 Abstract Comparison and contrast of the two articles I chose which are both on the same topic but from two different sources. From the Cline Library, the first article I chose was, â€Å"Review of the evidence for oral health promotion effectiveness,† which is from the Health Education Journal. The other article is titled, â€Å"A systemic review of the effectiveness of health promotion aimed at improving oral health† which I Google and found in Community Dental Health. Both articles have theRead MoreThe American Association Of Nurses907 Words   |  4 Pageshave identified American Public Health Association, an association of public health professionals in the United States and other professionals from health related fields. This association comprise of environmentalists, nurses, doctors, dentists and many other professionals. However, there is more clarity about nurses in the public sector. The American Association of nurses is one of the largest groups registered by APHA. I therefore, choose nurses as a group of public health professionals to research

The Effects Of Television On Children And Adolescents

Today, nearly 98% of American households have televisions. This makes television the single most important source of media in the lives of children and adolescents. Research shows that about 21- 23 hours per week on average, that children between the ages of five and twelve are exposed. This brings much controversy as to how television delivers the news, media, and violence to young children and adolescents. Many argue that the viewing of television during these crucial years of development can be very harmful involving the link of violence with aggressive behavior, hindering emotional and social development, the lack of exercise, health and activities, the development of temperament in young children, and sleep deprivation. How can these viewing hours per week really affect our children? Many may argue that plopping a child in front of the television helps to ease the wrath of dealing with a cranky toddler; however, research shows a great link between television consumption and violent behavioral issues. Psychologist B.J. Bushman s research has been found that when we view violent programming, we store in memory, a perceptual and cognitive representation of the event. This means we can draw it up in our thoughts and also visually. His studies show that when put in a real situation that is similar to the memory we have stored, that memory is activated and the memory script becomes available to use. This is especially fitting with 8-year-old boys who showShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Television On Children And Adolescents1449 Words   |  6 Pages Today nearly 98% of American households have televisions. This makes television the single most important source of media in the lives of children and adol escents. Research shows that about 21- 23 hours per week on average, that children between the ages of five and twelve are exposed. This brings much controversy as to how television delivers the news, media, and violence to young children and adolescents. Many argue that the viewing of television during these crucial years of development can beRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Children And Adolescents1446 Words   |  6 PagesToday, nearly 98% of American households have televisions. This makes television the single most important source of media in the lives of children and adolescents. Research shows that about 21- 23 hours per week on average, that children between the ages of five and twelve are exposed. This brings much controversy as to how television delivers the news, media, and violence to young children and adolescents. Many argue that the viewing of television during these crucial years of development can beRead MoreMedia Effects On Children And Adolescents1521 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as watching television, using the computer, and talking on the phone. On the media we could learn and find out the information that we need. And we can also share our personal information on the media. Media gives us a lot of convenient in our life, but there are also some negative impacts. Media has a lot of negative impacts which it could be affected on children and adolescents. The article â€Å"Media and Risky Behaviors† by Escobar-Chaves is discussed about the media effects that cause the riskyRead MoreViolence on Television Can Have Negative Effects on Children1210 Words   |  5 Pagesrepeated violence on television desensitizes children to violence, and similarly incorrect portrayals of sex on television may contribute to adolescent sex. Violence, and sex on television negatively impacts todays youth, and adolescents. In fact, a main contributor to these negative effects on children are caused by parents. Some parents pay little to no attention to the ratings of television shows, or movies, or the amount of sex, and/or violence their child sees on television. Studies indicateRead MoreChildren s Influence On Children920 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisers have been marketing food to children on television since the first television broadcasts started. The effect of their marketing non-nutrient dense food to children has not had a positive result. The Federal Trade Commission’s report, Advertising to kids and the FCT: A regulatory retrospective that advises the present, reports that 50% of overweight kids become overweight adults. The report also states that 80% of obese adolescents will become overweight adults. â€Å"According to the CentersRead MoreVideo Time Is Good Or Bad For Kids1376 Words   |  6 Pagescomputer, television, or games console.† Many advocate and promote that if used properly, the prolonged use of digital media is a means for children to develop and interact more quickly in today’s age. However, some parents have been concerned that too much technology usage may in fact interfere with children’s development. While the two opposing sides have differing opinions on how screen time affects children, both sides agree on doing whatever is best for the better development of children and adolescentsRead MoreMass Media Is An Integral Part Of Everyday Life989 Words   |  4 Pagesexpands knowledge to bring awareness to various social events. Media also impacts the way children and adolescences understanding of violence, racism, suicide, aggression, and sexual stereotyping. If viewing these portrayals is accepted, then mass media does in fact negatively impact child and adolescent development because of the content displayed on movies, television, and music. Children and adolescents learn to accept and have distorted views of violence, racism, sexual stereotyping, sexualRead MoreEssay Negative Effects of Television on Children1562 Words   |  7 PagesTelevision is a big part of today’s society. Everybody watches television, including the children. There is a potential problem with letting children watch television. Ask this question, would someone let their own child watch some of the programming that they watch, too? Some of these programs are intended for the adult generation, not young children. Violence has a major role in television these days. Letting children watch this violence could corrupt their minds and eventually lead to bad behaviorRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Children s Development1067 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract As children are exposed to more and more social media with the increase of technology, it is important that parents minimize the exposure of social media to their children. There are multiple extensive ways in which social media can influence a child’s well-being and development: An influence on their social ability with others, the content of the social media, and the activities that social media replaces such as exercise. Methods that could potentially improve the risk of a child’s well-beingRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1637 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen increasing at a drastic rate. The main discussion is the increase in rates of childhood and adolescent obesity, the health impacts this can have on a child immediately and in the future, and what are the contributing factors to this increase in obese youths. A possible contributing factor is food advertisements that contain poor-nutrient food and are targeted at children. Children and adolescents are constantly exposed to various advertisements on a daily basis. Many studies have suggested that

My Volunteer Efforts At The Club - 873 Words

Journal One Throughout the session on October 4th, 2015 from 2pm to 5pm I participated alongside members in a variety of passive and active activities. The theme of today’s session was â€Å"wheel of fortune†, working on participants use of vowels and consonants. Throughout the session it was my responsibility to help make up easy and simple puzzles for individuals to solve, while also aiding them on their teams to enforce rules and promote participation. It was interesting to see the range of abilities everyone had, and how each individual’s disabilities contributed to a great atmosphere of learning, sharing and growing. In addition overcoming and identifying contextual, personal, and task barriers was a first-hand experience I was able to understand throughout this session. This put into perspective what it takes for an individual with a disability to overcome a challenge in order to participate, proving the necessary services that The Club offers to its member s, with accessible programming. From my volunteer efforts I also believe that my personal contributions were beneficial to the members at The Club. I was able to help individuals with their personal barriers and address them in appropriate ways with the programming. An example being when I helped one of the club members by challenging their intrinsic motivation and lack of connectedness, by stimulating them with the activity, and providing encouragement when they participated. One of the main sayings at the club is ifShow MoreRelatedEssay On Recruiting Volunteers1649 Words   |  7 PagesRecruiting volunteers For Macon soccer club Submitted to the faculty of: Middle Georgia State University Degree of Bachelor of Science. Submitted by Tushia Amin Date: 5th December 2017 Acknowledgment We would like to express our gratitude to habitat for humanity for their full support. The completion of this project would not have been possible without their help. We would also like to thank all of the soccer club members who impacted our project and experience. Abstract A SoccerRead MoreService Learning Experience : Boys And Girls Clubs Of The Csra Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesBoys and Girls Clubs of the CSRA Dwayne Culley Augusta University Introduction The Boys and Girls Clubs of the CSRA is a local chapter of the national organization that provides afterschool programs to children and young adults in order to provide for their development as productive members of society. (Evans, 2016) The service learning group I was in included Claudia Hodges, Laurie Wahlstrom, Lucas Johnson, and me. We chose to volunteer with the Boys and Girls Club to fulfill volunteer work requirementRead MoreThe International Associations Of The Lions Club1326 Words   |  6 PagesMy primary goal and purpose in writing this research paper is to inform any person who reads the final draft of the research paper about the different aspects of the International Associations of the Lions Club. Using the right knowledge and wisdom I plan on describing the organization known as the Lions Club. I will give my readers detailed information about the membership, services provided, and the local Lions Club. Using interesting facts and images, I plan on persuading any reader to considerRead MoreA Program For A Non Profit Telecommunications Company1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe view is truly breath-taking thirteen-thousand feet over the Delmarva Peninsula. Ten years of anticipation and preparation had pai d off, I went Skydiving and yes, I would go again. My thirst for adventure like my thirst for success has given me the desire to continue academic training. My undergraduate education has given me the ability to take on small tasks in the professional world as a Projects Coordinator for a non-profit telecommunications company. This company is young and has potentialRead MoreMy Trip With Outdoor Adventure Club1354 Words   |  6 PagesOutdoor Adventure Club this weekend, I struggle to think of my â€Å"motif† of my life. This is an essay assignment at Menlo College, and I keep thinking of what I want in life to find my motif. I stare out of the window looking at the big mountains, thinking really hard about what my goal is for my life. I feel so small physically and mentally in such a big, natural place because it wasn’t manmade and is not the result of planned human choices. It’s one of God’s beauties. I decide that my answer is I don’tRead More The Importance of Volunteerism Essay727 Words   |  3 Pagescontrast, volunteers willingly share their talents and provide services to others with no obligation or any incentive for personal gain. Volunteers have made significant contributions to charitable, educational, and worthwhile causes within a small community to foreign countries with no boundaries. Undeniably, the exchange of thoughts and experiences are extended through the volunteer process. With flexibility in time and summer vacations, university students are a large majority in the volunteer forceRead MoreMy Nomination For The Champions Of The Community1006 Words   |  5 PagesMY NOMINATION FOR THE â€Å"CHAMPIONS OF THE COMMUNITY† AWARDS PROGRAM Sometimes the most effective way to evaluate the impact of a community member’s work is to imagine how that community would be different if that person had not been there. It reminds me of George Bailey in â€Å"It’s a Wonderful Life.† He was given the chance to see what his community would be like without him. And so it is for Steve Rock. Without his yeoman’s efforts on behalf of the Variety Club Camp and Development Center, the childrenRead MoreA Brief Note On The Scholar Volunteer Navy Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesHistory:- The scholar Volunteer navy (SVA) is a scholar movement born from a fb web page started following the Christchurch earthquakes. The community has no navy affiliation and is concerned with facilitating neighbourhood motion via formative year’s engagement, preparing for mess ups and repair. The clubs and volunteers are supported utilizing instruments offered by way of the Volunteer navy basis (VAF). There are now three pupil volunteer golf equipment which have grown straight from the ChristchurchRead MoreVoluntary Organisations2731 Words   |  11 Pagesremaining in their own homes. The Barkhill house Day care centre Club started in 1980 and today continues to be successful by the fact that the number of elderly that applies for membership is continually increasing. How the idea of this voluntary agency came up? In 1980, Newtown’s welfare committee decided that they wanted to do something for the old people instead of the lunch clubs and old people’s clubs in the town so the idea of some form of day centre came up.Read MoreChallenges Faced By Today s Business Leaders1426 Words   |  6 Pagesleadership style resonates with my values in involvement and past retail sales experience, which was heavily team-based. By observing leaders in action, I would get a sense of what leadership truly looks like. Of course, I’ve learned throughout my education what leaders do, how they do things, and why they do things, but I have never actually seen a leader in action. By having the opportunity to do so, I could view the experiences of current leaders as milestones for my own leadership formation. It

Memories Last a Lifetime free essay sample

I believe in traveling and exploring, making memories, and living life. When I was a little girl, my family owned a beautiful, old home in the mountains of Vermont where countless weekends were spent. I was fortunate enough to have such a wonderful home away from home, where I could create traditions with my family. Although the house is no longer a part of my life, the moments spent there will stay with me forever and play a part in shaping who I am today. I remember the distinct, yet indescribable smell that hit me smack across the face and ran through my body with familiarity upon entering the house. I remember catching salamanders in the pond with old, rusty nets and feeling the amphibians’ slippery bodies before releasing them back into their natural habitat. I remember feeling weightless, like superwoman, flying through the air on the giant oak’s rope swing. We will write a custom essay sample on Memories Last a Lifetime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I remember the damp, clean grass under by bare feet, running up and down the hills of the backyard. I remember the sweet, maple taste of the mini doughnuts, baked fresh from the shop in town. I remember fearing for my life when learning to ski for the first time, crossing winter sports Olympian off of my list of possible future careers. I remember the coldest water I’ve ever felt in the Mad River, but swimming anyways, no matter how much my body refused to adjust to the frigid temperature. I remember every last detail down to the weird face mug on the mantel above the fireplace and the dining room’s eerie chandelier. I remember being carefree. I remember happiness. Looking back on it today, I realize that I took those moments for granted. Now that I have gotten older I understand how lucky I was to have such wonderful experiences and a strong and loving family with me along the way. Of course I miss those days. I miss being a little kid, when by biggest concern was the fact that my nine o’clock bedtime would prevent me from being able to watch â€Å"Full House†. That is not to say I would go back for a second though. I now understand how important it is to live in the moment, because before we know it, we blink and life passes us by. We spend too much of our time wishing for the future, or longing for the past, instead of simply enjoying what is right in front of us. If we all took one minute out of our day to appreciate what we have in this very moment, the ride might be slightly more bearable. I am thankful for all that I have had and am ready to seize whatever opportunities may come my way. It is a strong upbringing and memori es such as the ones made in our Vermont home that have shaped me into the person I am today and I wouldn’t change any of it for the world.

Ethics of Autonomous Making Emergency

Question: Discuss about the Ethics of Autonomous Making Emergency. Answer: Introduction The assignment discusses about an autonomous vehicle that is driver less vehicle concept of Uber cars. It has come up with autonomous vehicle with an agreement with Volvo. Before Uber, Google has also introduced its autonomous vehicles. The assignment discusses about driverless cars concept with respect to four classical theories that are utilitarianism theory, deontology theory, virtue theory and contract theory. The theory explains about right and wrong for the morale/ good of a number of people. According to this theory those actions should be done which make people good/ happy. In this morals are separated between good or bad. Good can be understood by a situation which makes people happy or there is no pain. However good can be further divided into qualitative, which is in terms of pleasure and quantitative good which is in terms of well being. According to this theory only those actions should be done which can results in benefit for all (Bourke, 2016). The basic motive of purchasing a car is safety, that is before purchasing or riding in a car safety must be ensure to reduce accidents. It is presumed that when human operated vehicles can cause so many accidents than what about in case of autonomous vehicle. According to John Markoff, reporter of New York times, after conducting a test drive of seven autonomous cars, he said that it is a successful story of autonomous cars, accidents happens because of non stopping the car at red light (Chafkin, 2016). Uber has recruited in 2016 expert managers and robotic experts and a few car mechanics. The goal is to replace more than 1 million human drivers from robotic drivers. To make this effective Uber has come up with joint venture with Otto, and it was mentioned in the agreement that the Ottos current employees would get 20% of the profits of earnings by Uber from autonomous vehicles (Halpern, 2016). There are no worries in the minds of drivers of Uber due to the driverless cars, as according to Travis Kalanick the CEO of Uber; it would be a mix of driver cars and driver less cars. He said that to operate driverless cars they would be requiring more human maintenance than cars. Hence it can be said that driver less cars will not generate unemployment, rather it will create more employment. Whereas in case of general public it has been surveyed that driverless cars cause less accidents as compare to driver cars. As introduction of ATM has not reduced the job opportunities in banks, similarly it can be said that Uber driverless cars follows the utilitarianism theory, as it will generate employment for drivers and more experts and less accidents to general public. Hence good for all has been achieved. Deontology theory It is described as compiling to an obligation or duty based on ethics. According to this theory, there is a relationship between moral and good. The results of actions will only be good if the processes of the actions are according to morale. There are some acts which are morally obligatory but do not result into human welfare. According to this theory those actions should be done which can result into good for you and the people you care about, that is it does not matter that will it is morally good or not (Ackerman, 2016). In consideration of driverless vehicles, less prone accident can be ensured if the vehicle is programmed efficiently that is it ensures the safety of pedestrians as well as the passengers. However 90% of the accidents are caused by the human errors. Uber driverless cars consists fro now the professionally trained engineers who keep an eye if car came across an unexpected situation, every car is equipped with a laptop kept on its back seat which tells that the passengers are sitting in an autonomous vehicle and what is happening on the road side. Hence it can be said that Uber cars complies with deontology theory as it keeps the safety point of view of passengers as well as the pedestrians (Charlton, 2015). Virtue theory This theory emphasizes the role of a character rather than being moral in doing duty or having good consequences. The aim of virtue theory is about the living or being able to live a good life, rather to maximization of utility or goodness. This theory emphasizes on the moral character of the individual rather than his actions or its consequences. It considers the whole of the aspects rather than some of its actions. In case of driverless cars it does not cross the laws programmed in it, as if a pedestrian came across such car it would stop, rather than crossing the other lane; this would save the lives of both the passengers and the pedestrians. But if it is programmed to avoid pedestrians then to save pedestrians, the vehicle may get crashed with the other vehicle coming from the other lane, or with the roadside (Moran, 2016). If such cars came across such situation they are more likely to stop the car as compare to the human being. In case of Volvo autonomous cars they are likely hit the vehicles with good safety record for example hitting bike rider wearing a helmet. But complying to this rule also the good for all that is utilitarian approach cannot be followed (The guardian, 2015). Hence it can be said that virtue theory can only be achieved if the programming done by keeping in mind all the aspects. Contract theory Is a situation or circumstances in which an individual morals and obligations got affected or get changed due to the agreement or contract between them (Castile, 2015). It suggests that how a contract must be formed if the unexpected situation is came across. It comprises of both financial aspect whereas the behavioral aspect. The contract theory must fulfill the employees rights and able to find optimum benefits (Newman, 2014). Hence in case of driverless cars if it is programmed correctly, a plenty of seconds would be sufficient for a computer to take an ethical decision rather as a human being as he may got disturbed if many unexpected situation he came across (Wright, 2016). Conclusion It can be said that as the introduction of ATMs has not impacted in terms of unemployment so much to banks rather it has benefitted in the growth of company as well as the nations economy, similarly driverless vehicles will not lead to unemployment rather it create more opportunities as like Uber has employed experts, and robot managers and engineers. Sometimes the decisions are not clear, that is whether to save a particulars life by keeping the passengers lives in danger. References Ackerman,E,. (2016). IEEE spectrum. People want driverless cars with utilitarian ethics. unless they are a passenger. retrieved by https://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/self-driving/people-want-driverless-cars-with-utilitarian-ethics-unless-theyre-a-passenger Bourke,L,.(2016). The Sydney morning herald. Uber expands its self- driving cars but drivers say they arent worried about being put out of a job. retrieved by https://www.smh.com.au/technology/innovation/uber-expands-its-selfdriving-cars-but-drivers-say-they-arent-worried-about-being-put-out-of-a-job-20161213-gtaiuh.html Castile, M,.(2015). Drivers license. Bloomsbury publishing. USA Chafkin,M. (2016). Bloomberg business week. Ubers first self driving arrives in Pittsburgh this month. retrieved by https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-08-18/uber-s-first-self-driving-fleet-arrives-in-pittsburgh-this-month-is06r7on Charlton, A,.(2015). International business times. You are the pedestrian: ethics of autonomous cars making emergency decisions to save lives. retrieved by https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/you-pedestrian-ethics-autonomous-cars-making-emergency-decisions-save-lives-1506685 Halpern, S. (2016). The New York review of books. Our driverless future. retrieved by https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/11/24/driverless-intelligent-cars-road-ahead/ Moran,S,. (2016). Ethical ripples of creativity and innovation. Springer. London Newman,. (2014). Time. How to make driverless cars behave. retrieved by https://time.com/2837472/driverless-cars-ethics-morality/ The guardian, (2015). The problem with self driving cars: who controls the code? Retrieved by https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/dec/23/the-problem-with-self-driving-cars-who-controls-the-code Wright,L,. (2016). CBC news: technology and science. Driverless vehicles must have sophisticated moral algorithms. Say researchers. retrieved by https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/driverless-vehicles-ethics-1.3648029

Shweta Kataria Essays (1767 words) - Aesthetics, Arts, Literature

Shweta Kataria Mr. Jaideep Pandey British Literature: 18th Century 28 th March 2017 Literary Criticism and its emerging trends Literary criticism is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature . Literary criticism is the play of the mind on a work of literature and it consists in asking and answering rational question about literature. Such an inquiry may be directed either towards literature in general leading to a better understanding of the nature and value of literature, and a better appreciation of the pleasure proper to literature. Such an inquiry by helping us to think rightly about literature enables us to gain the fullest enjoyment from it. In this way is built up a theory of literature, and the process of literary creation is examined and made intelligible . Through the years, it has developed and grown, and ultimately provides us with parameters on how to study literature. Because there are a million different ways to dissect written works, such as novels or poems, literary criticism provides some general guidelines to help us analyze, deconstruct, interpret and evalu ate. We usually see literary criticism in a book review or critical essay. Aristotle's practical contribution to criticism, as opposed to his ethical defense of literature, lies in his inductive treatment of the elements and kinds of poetry. Poetic modes are identified according to their means of imitation, the actions they imitate, the manner of imitation, and its effects. These distinctions assist the critic in judging each mode according to its proper ends instead of regarding beauty as a fixed entity. The ends of tragedy, as Aristotle conceived them, are best served by the harmonious disposition of six elements: plot, character, diction , thought, spectacle, and song. Classical and medi eval criticism Literary criticism is thought to have existed for as long as literature. In the 4th century BC Aristotle wrote the Poetics , a typology and description of literary forms with many specific criticisms of contemporary works of art. Poetics developed for the first time the concepts of mimesis and catharsis , which are still crucial in literary studies. Plato 's attacks on poetry as imitative, secondary, and false were formative as well . Later classical medieval criticism often focused on religious texts, and the several long religious tradition of hermeneutics and textual exegesis have had a profound influence on the study of secular texts. Renaissance criticism The literary criticism of the Renaissance developed classical ideas of unity of form and content into literary neoclassicism, proclaiming literature as central to culture, entrusting the poet and the author with preservation of a long literary tradition. The birth of Renaissance criticism was in 1498, with the recovery of classical texts, most notably, Giorgio Valla's latin translation of Aristotle's Poetics. The work of Aristotle, especially Poetics, was the most important influence Renaissance critics who wrote commentaries on Aristotle's Poetics in 1570. 19 th -century criticism The British Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century introduced new aesthetic ideas to literary study, including the idea that the object of literature need not always be beautiful, noble, or perfect, but that literature itself could elevate a common subject to the level of the sublime. German Romanticism, which followed closely after the late development of German classicism, emphasized an aesthetic of fragmentation that can appear startlingly modern to the reader of English literature, and valued Witz- that is, "wit" or "humour" of a certain sort- more highly than the serious Anglophone Romanticism. The late nineteenth century brought unknown to authors known more for critical writing than for their own work. The Changing Role of Critics and Criticism Views regarding the functions of criticism and the role of critics have kept on changing through the ages. Every age has tended to assign a different function or functions to criticism. The earliest systematic critic, Plato, for example, was concerned with the problem of defining the utility of poetry in the educational system of his ideal state, found poetry wanting, and so banished poets from his ideal commonwealth. His approach was fundamentally utilitarian, and he condemned poetry as immoral and untruthful. Following Plato's condemnation, critics for long centuries to come were pre-occupied with justifying imaginative literature, more specially poetry. Critics from the

Two Paragraph Sample Theses For Essays

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