Examine how one theory of emotion may affect one cognitive process free essay sample

One theory of how emotion affects the cognitive process of memory is by a process known as a Flashbulb Memory. The theory is that these Flashbulb Memories will not only enhance the memory itself, but will make certain aspects of the memory more vivid and detailed. First, the Flashbulb Memory should be defined. Flashbulb memories are emotional memories that are remembered with great vivid detail and are almost photo like. For example, if someone were to experience a horrid natural disaster, they would most likely remember the situation more vividly than people not actually there. This instance is exactly what Brown and Kulik were trying to show in 1977, and what Conway was trying to express in 1994. They were dealing with the concept of emotion and how it affected one’s memory. However, emotion is not an easy thing to gage, as it is subjective to the individual and often times impulsive. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine how one theory of emotion may affect one cognitive process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first occurrence of the flashbulb memory was demonstrated by Brown and Kulik in their study of 1977. Brown and Kulik wanted to investigate flashbulb memories so that they could simply aid to their argument. The researchers interviewed 80 Americans, 40 African Americans, and 40 Caucasian Americans over ten specific events. Nine of these events consisted of assassinations on well-known Americans and one was a personal event. In these questions participants were asked if they had any significant remembrance of these events, both overtly and covertly. In the results, the researchers observed that 90% of all participants recalled the J. F. K. assassination in context and with great detail. Often times people had self-selected events that corresponded to his assassination, such as a death of a loved one.  Results also showed 73 % of African Americans recalled more information regarding the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.  than Caucasian Americans did. This study supported the Brown and Kulik’s theory of flashbulb memories, and seemed to last longer and more efficiently than other memories. However, the study was not controlled, one can really not know if the individuals were telling the truth or making up certain details. Most of the data collected was reliant on the person’s perspective than what really could have happened. Also, it is vital to remember that important events, such as both assassinations, received a great deal of media coverage. This could have aided in the recalling of these events, not making these experiences flashbulb memories. A study that tried to take the uncontrolled variable in proving the validity of flashbulb memories was Conway et al 1994. Conway wanted to support Brown and Kulik’s theory for flashbulb memory. In Conway’s study the participants were either UK or non-UK undergraduates and the idea of the study was based on the resignation of Margaret Thatcher, who was the Prime Minister of Britain in 1990. Participants were interviewed about the event a few days after the event actually happened. Then they were asked the same questions 11 months after the event. In the results they found that 86% of UK participants still had the flashbulb memory of the first account of Margaret Thatcher and were accurate to their primary response. Therefore, Conway made the accusation that this finding supports the flashbulb memory theory for this British event because it was of significance to British culture. British individuals obviously had emotional ties to this event. Since this study was an actual event and created an accountability between researchers, the study suggests that flashbulb memories may in fact be different from other memories. However, questions still remain towards the researchers of the theory. There weren’t exactly limitations in this 11 month period of news that could have been watched or read. This could leave a little area for discrepancy involving the media, since this was a very popular event. Neisser and Harsch in 1992 decided to investigate the validity of the flashbulb memory theory. In this experiment participants were asked to report on the memories of the challenger space disaster in 1986. Like the experiment done by Conway et al, Neisser and Harsch investigated people’s memory accuracy of the incident 24 hours after the explosion and then again two years after. The results were: one day after the disaster, 215 of the participants said that they heard about the disaster on television. Two and a half years later 45% of the participants claimed to have heard of the event on the television. Their memories of how they learned the news about the challenger disaster changed over time and was a huge loophole in the studies in favor of flashbulb memory. Through this study it can be concluded that flashbulb memories are not reliable and may in fact just be ordinary memories. From Brown and Kulik to Neisser and Harsch we arrive at completely different conclusions. There are many strengths to these studies, as they were all with real events that would have affected people emotionally, but some of the studies were lacking in validity. The studies that recorded before and after seemed to be more compelling than the ones that just assumed a certain answer. However, the longer the duration of time between the before and after results most likely produced more variables being tested, rather than just one. Based on the studies outlined it only seems accurate that these flashbulb memories actually exist and affect our memory. The real analysis of these findings are how they actually influence behavior. Emotion can affect memory, and ultimately behavior in someone’s life. As crucial events happen, with the support of Brown and Kulik and Conway’s studies, memory can be seen to change in the eye of the beholder and can form unforgiving grudges or skeptical visions. Human behavior is so touchy, especially with the idea of false memories. Even if flashbulb memories are shown to be accurate to previous encounters those memories will still have been formed by some sort of trauma. This ultimately affects behavior, and is often times where stereotypes, and close-minded ideas are formed. So, flashbulb memories can create caution or aggression, hate or love, peace or chaos. The key is not letting these emotions dictate one’s behavior.

How to Make a Thesis

How to Make a Thesis How to Make a Thesis How to Make a ThesisYou can make hundreds of attempts to formulate a thesis statement, still, fail to do it. The reason is that it is difficult to make a thesis from scratch. Developing a thesis statement is not the outburst of inspiration but rather a task that requires some time to accomplish it successfully. So, if you want to know how to make a thesis statement, you have come to the right place. In this article, you will find some tips on how to make a thesis successfully. While PhD thesis writing is not easy and you must follow specific thesis format. How to make a thesis: Tip 1. Develop your personal position on the problemReading what others think about the question you are researching may turn out to be rather useful in case you know a little about the matter. Your position may coincide with someone elses or may differ cardinally from already adopted viewpoints. The key point is that you should truly believe in what you are talking about. Do not be inclined to others point of view only because you cannot shape your own position. This will only make it more difficult for you to support it. How to make a thesis: Tip 2. Formulate your main ideaTry to make your message specific rather than vague or general. What is more, do not make it too long. One or maximum two sentences will be quite enough. Write it somewhere on a sheet of paper. This thesis is not final yet. You will come back to it as soon as your paper is completed.How to make a thesis: Tip 3. Conduct researchWhile researching the topic, some information that yo u may find in the sources may turn out much useful. They can help you in formulating and improving your thesis statement. So, make notes on the information that can be included into your thesis statement.How to make a thesis: Tip 4. Come back to your thesis and think what might be changedIt is important to keep your thesis flexible until the investigation is actually finished. If you do it, you will not have any difficulties with rewriting it later. So, after you finish researching the topic, come back to your thesis statement and think what can be changed. A thesis statement is an important element of any paper, it is the framework that every paper is based on. So, it is extremely important to know how to make a thesis correctly. Follow our guidelines and you will learn writing a research paper without any problems!

Behavioural Aspects of Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Behavioural Aspects of Budgeting - Essay Example However, before anything else, it is a good idea to understand something about the chosen company. The Southeast Asia (S.E.A.) Olympus Marketing Incorporated is one of the affiliates of S.E.A. Olympus Group of Companies, which was founded in the Philippines in 1983. The other affiliates are SPARKO, distributor of imported surface coatings and SCADE Industrial Corporation, a manufacturing plant of stainless water tanks such as storage water tanks and hydro pneumatic pressure tanks. The S.E.A. Olympus Marketing Incorporated is both a trading and manufacturing company which operates nationwide in the Philippines. It has branches in the three major islands of the Philippines. The S.E.A. Olympus Marketing Incorporated is responsible for the distribution of products produced by other affiliates. Originally, the company was a distributor of composite materials such as resin and fiber glass to the fishing and fashion industries. Today, the S.E.A. Olympus Marketing Incorporated is having a link with its main suppliers in Singapore, Taiwan and China. This year, it is planning to expand in the entire country and later in the Southeast regions in Asia. As of the moment, it has sub-business units (SBU) in the major cities in the Philippines as part of its strategic positioning. This year, its goal is to expand, but part of it is to carefully manage its finances. At the national level, the S.E.A. Olympus Incorporated might appear to have a very complicated organizational working structure of working departments. For the purpose of looking at the micro level of the organization’s activity, this paper examines the working business units in the country. S.E.A. Olympus Marketing Incorporated is composed of sub-business units working together for one goal. Each of this sub-business unit is composed of general support group and frontline group. The general support group is composed of the Accounting

Major Changes in Adolescents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Major Changes in Adolescents - Essay Example Adolescence is characterized by the adolescent’s behavior of becoming so much concerned with appearance, independence, parents, his future and friends. This is the most common characteristics among all adolescents. The major biological changes that occur in an adolescent are physical and sexual maturity. As they strive to gain self independence and recognition as adults, important emotional, cognitive and social changes occur. These changes affect them for the rest of their lives, since at adolescent they are neither recognized as children nor adults. The physical changes that are experienced by boys are similar but some are different. For example, the similar changes are growth of pubic hair, height and weight increase, and pimples formation on their faces. While different changes among girls are enlargement of breasts, hips broadening, and onset of menstruation period. Boys break their voices, start experiencing wet dreams, Adams apple, growth of beared, and development of m uscles. Psychologically, they develop deep sexual feelings that cause interest, curiosity, as well as embarrassment. Moral and Cognitive Development in Adolescents This occurs when the adolescents start distinguishing what is right and what is wrong. At this stage they start safe guarding the ‘self’ in them and always want to be right. They can reason and understand why things are, the way they are.

Unit 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 8 - Essay Example Of course, in order to fulfill these objectives, it needs to build its relationships with its suppliers in order to get the best quality coffee, then with its employees to ensure that they will provide quality service and good products to consumers as part of a great in-store experience; finally, it needs to give back to its environment and communities where it operates in. All of these prove to be consistent, coherent and in line with the financial objectives, by balancing its priorities among the stakeholders. We could see that the adoption of social responsibility to Starbucks’ overall corporate strategy is a strategic move itself, by seeing that the company operates in a larger whole such as the society, and knowing that in order for it to succeed, those who will be affected by its actions should benefit too. Not only will it give Starbucks good reputation and association; it will ensure that it is in line with its strategy in order to fulfill its objectives and live up to its mission. Do you think that Starbucks has grown rapidly because of its ethical and socially responsible activities or because it provides products and an environment that customers want? In your estimation what is the greatest challenge facing Starbucks in the future? Please explain. The success of Starbucks lies in its ability to position itself as the â€Å"place next to home.† By providing products and an environment that customers want, Starbucks has grown so rapidly. However, Starbucks sees that rapid growth and business success is not free—the more successful it is, the more people there will be to pose criticisms for the company and look for loopholes to hamper its growth. One key to having successful business and brand is being liked by the people and forces among its immediate environment. Thus, business ethics and care for its various stakeholders, while not the primary driver of success, is one

White Blood Cells: Structure and Functions

White Blood Cells: Structure and Functions Often times, our bodies are attacked and battered by infections, diseases, bacteria, and other foreign materials which can cause great harm to our organs and bodily functions. Fortunately God has designed us with a strong and efficient system of defense. Our immune system. Among our many forms of defense within the immune system are the leucocytes, or white blood cells. They act as the bodys guards by patrolling the blood stream, seeking out any invading pathogens, and quickly alerting other leucocytes of the threat or swiftly destroying the threat themselves. In the average adult body, there are normally around seven thousand to twenty-five thousand leucocytes per drop of blood. When an infection is present, this number greatly increases in order to defeat the illness. This increase in leucocyte number is also a sign used by doctors when they look for infections. A constantly large number of leucocytes is a sign of leukemia, a type of blood caner. One who has leukemia can have up to fifty-thousand leucocytes in a single drop of blood. Leucocytes may attack the bodys invaders by either producing antibodies to overpower and overwhelm their target or by surrounding, devouring, and digesting the entire pathogen itself. Unlike regular red blood cells, white blood cells have nuclei, mitochondria, and all other normal cellular structures. Also, because white blood cells have no hemoglobin, they lack the red color of their red counterparts. White blood cells also have a significantly greater size than red blood cells but lack equality in numbers. There are five major types of leucocytes each with a different job. Neutrophils, which make up fifty-eight percent of leucocytes and are one of the bodys main forms of defense, completely ingest bacteria and destroy any cells which have been infected or turned cancerous. Eosinophils, which account for two percent of the white blood cells population, destroy parasites and play a role in allergic reactions. Basophils, one percent of leucocytes population, help with allergic reactions by releasing histamine and heparin. Monocytes, making up 4 percent of the population of white blood cells, turn into macrophages and are designed to phagocytize and digest bacteria and get rid of old, dead, and damaged cells. They are found in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs, skin, and intestine. Lymphocytes, which make up 4 percent of white blood cells, direct the bodys immune system, identify foreign bodies, and produce antibodies and cells that are specifically designed to target them. Lymphocytes , unlike other leucocytes, are produced in the lymphatic system. White blood cells are found not only in blood, but in the lymphatic system. Most of them are produced in the marrow of the bone but a few, like lymphocytes, are manufactured in the lymph nodes. The cells are rapidly produced because they have a very short life span living only a few days to a few weeks. One disease involving white blood cells is neutropenia. This condition is defined by a significant decrease in the production of neutrophils. Common symptoms of neutropenia include fevers and periodic infections. This disease decreases the bodys chance of successfully defending against an attack and increases its chance of being harmed by invading pathogens. Treatment of this disease includes treatment with antibiotics, granulocyte (white blood cell) transfusions, and treatment with anti-fungal medications to defend against disease, infection, and bacteria. Another deadly illness involving white blood cells is leukemia. This cancer of the blood, and one of the most dangerous of blood diseases, is characterized by a deadly over abundance in white blood cells. Symptoms of leukemia include swollen lymph nodes, high fevers, night sweats, frequent infections, feeling weak or tired, weight loss for no apparent reason, and pain in the bones and joints. Treatment of leukemia includes chemoth erapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplant. The risk in chemotherapy is the reduction of white blood cells raising the risk of serious bacterial and viral infection. Another disease involving leucocytes is agranulocytosis. This disease, far less dangerous that leukemia, is brought on by the destruction of neutrophils. Symptoms include fatigue, sleeplessness, headache, chills, and high fever. Treatments for this disease includes antibiotics, blood transfusions, and injections of fresh bone marrow. Recent studies of white blood cells have given us more incite on the details surrounding their functions. Research has also shown how the leucocytes navigate through the bodys blood stream. According to recent discovery, when organs or tissue are infected with a virus, they send out chemical beacons to the specific leucocytes which register them as a call for help. They then move towards the infected area. Further studies have also shown that white blood cells have the ability to sprout leg-like structures with adhesive points and crawl along the inside of a blood vessel like a millipede to get to an infected area. About ten of these legs attach and detach rapidly. This allows the cell to maintain constant movement along the vessel walls. It also uses these legs to grip the inner walls of the blood vessel to avoid being swept away by the blood stream. When scientists put these legs under further research, they found that they dig themselves into the wall of the blood vessel. This als o suggests that they are used as probes to search for holes and exits in the blood vessels. Scientists believe these legs have many functions such as gripping, moving, and sensing distress signals from damaged tissue. Even though we live in a world full of bacteria and pathogens, we can rest easy because we know that our Creator has designed for our bodies a strong defense against outside invaders. The complex and efficient white blood cells act as soldier cells and spear head our immune system keeping us safe, comfortable, and healthy. Without our white blood cells, we would be quite susceptible to hundreds of thousands of forms of destructive bacteria, lethal diseases, and vulnerable to many potentially deadly infections. Works Cited Page http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/circulatory/blood2.htm http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/white.html www.righthealth.com

Successful E-Business Systems: PayPal :: essays research papers

SUCCESSFUL E-BUSINESS SYSTEMS - PAYPAL ABSTRACT PayPal is an account-based system that allows anyone with an email address to send and receive online payments. This service is easy to use for customers. Members can instantaneously send money to anyone. Recipients are informed by email that they have received a payment. PayPal is also available to people in 38 countries. This paper starts with introduction to the company and its services. The information about the history and the current company situation are covered. Later some interesting and different technical issues are discussed. The Paper ends with analysis of the company and several future recommendations. KEYWORDS PayPal, Payment Systems, E-business, Money Transactions, PayPal Analyses. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. PayPal as e-Business 3. Technical Issues 4. Analysis (of PayPal as e-Business) 5. Conclusion 6. References 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 - PayPal –A Popular Company This paper is about a company called PayPal. First I will touch the general information about the company, then provide information about several details and finish with several useful future recommendations. PayPal (formerly X.com) that was founded in 1998 belongs to an Electronic Payment Systems, more precisely to Generic Systems subgroup. It is located in San Jose and carries out services that provide the possibility of sending and receiving money by means of computers in an easy, secure and fast way using an account-based system. This can be done by anyone (a private person or legal entity) who has an email address. When the money is transferred, a message is sent to the recipient’s email address notifying about the transaction. At the same time certain security measures are taken during these operations. One can still charge his or her account without having an electronic card, using the bank transfer or a paycheck. Transferring money is as easy as sending an email for customers. Page 2 2 (Fig.1, What is PayPal, retrieved on February 15 th , 2004 From: PayPal Developer Conference Keynote, Alex Kazim, VP Marketing, 05/08/03. Data available on http://paypaldev.org/ ) In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay. It has quickly become popular. Today the company offers services in thirty-eight countries and has about forty million customers for today. In most of these countries it supports bank withdrawal service and is especially popular among eBay customers. Fig.1 briefly illustrates Company’s business. The system enables its users to send money, using computers. The same can be done by means of mobile phones that are support Web.