Professional Nursing Synthesis Portfolio

In Appendix __ and ___ (Case studies and Rhabdomyisis), I have been able to exhibit   critical thinking. I have been able to undertake analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of data gathered from observation, experience, reflection, or communication as a guide to belief or action. I have also been able to acquire substantial clinical reasoning which entails a capacity to remember facts, organize them in a meaningful whole, and then apply the information in a clinical patient care situation. As a nurse, I can make use of reasoning to help in formulating principles or guidelines as a basis for my nursing practice judgment decisions. II. Decision Making Skills In Appendix ___ (Ethical Dilemma), I have significantly enhanced my decision making skills. As a novice, I acquire clinical judgment and skill over time. Knowledge is refined through actual clinical experience; this moves me from a rule-based, context-free stage to a more analytical, logical and intentional pattern of thinking. To effectively provide a conducive learning environment, I have been exposed to venues for examining and developing my problem solving and reasoning skills towards making clinical judgments. These venues transpire through numerous learning experiences, one of which are ethical dilemmas. III. Nursing Care and Management of Clients In Appendices __ and ___ (Case studies and Mariners Harbor project), I have effectively enhanced my skills in nursing care and management of clients. These experiences can help me in developing the learner from the novice phase to being an advanced beginner in nursing. Experiences such as this enable the formation of meaningful related information on the basis of what I have learned in the classroom. There is an expectation that with more experience, I can move from the level of advanced beginner to the level of competence by program completion. Clinical judgment is defined as nursing decisions about which areas to assess, analyzing health data, prioritizing which task to do, and who should carry it out. For clinical judgment to be assessed as sound, it should be arrived at using critical thinking and logical reasoning, that will enable the deduction of valid conclusions, and the decisions that may be borne from these. IV. Effective Communication, Collaboration and Negotiation In Appendix ___ (Visiting hours in the ICU), I have been able to appreciate the importance of working with multidisciplinary professionals. I realized that synergy and collaboration are important for the ultimate welfare of the patient. This set-up also allows for his holistic healing. V.   Professional values and behaviors In Appendix __ (Nursing Philosophy), I was able to hone my professional values and behaviors. I believe that while technical competence is a core requisite to becoming a successful nurse practitioner, being values and ethics driven are equally important. In the absence of policies or concrete guiding principles, values are the only guideposts on which decisions may be hinged or anchored against. I am thankful that I was taught ethics and have also had the opportunity to make ethical decisions on the basis of such knowledge. I realized that deciding with a clean conscience makes for competent and sound nursing practice, which substantially determines nursing effectiveness. VI.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Teaching and Learning My experience in being a nurse educator has further been honed through Appendix __ (Mariners Harbor Outreach) where I was able to instruct indigents and minority patients about palliative care. I felt that this has brought me a step closer to my aspiration of being a nurse educator. As a future nurse educator / coach, I would like to conduct research projects, participate in professional associations and interact with other nursing academics and practitioners. I would also continue to practice my profession in the clinical setting. This is an effective tool in ensuring that I continue to be clinically competent as I train future nurses. VII.     Research Through integrated literature reviews and critiques (Appendix __ and ___), I have been able to hone my research skills. I have learned how to critically analyze both quantitative and qualitative data to be able to draw meaningful conclusions from them. These exercises on critical thinking and analysis have forged the theoretical foundation of my nursing practice, which is applied and honed in the clinical setting. These have taught me how to read and understand statistics, as well as data drawn from qualitative methods. Critiques have also allowed me to point out the limitations of research studies and ascertain the validity of research results. VIII.  Ã‚   Leadership Through Appendix __ (Nursing Philosophy paper), I have been able to strengthen my resolve in being a transformational leader-nurse. I have learned that being a charismatic or transformational leader entails articulate a realistic vision of the future that can be shared, stimulate subordinates intellectually, and pay attention to the differences among the subordinates. By defining the need for change, creating new visions, and mobilizing commitment to these visions, leaders can ultimately transform organizations. In effect, the ultimate goal was to make a real dent in the lives of people that I come in contact with by helping them authentically. IX.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management In Appendices ___ and ___ (Nursing change paper/ Visiting hours paper), I have come to appreciate the importance of working within a multidisciplinary setting. Such appreciation has also helped me appreciate diversity and synergy in working with other professionals. X.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lifelong learning and professional career development In Appendices __ and ___ (Alziheimers project/ Does advanced practice†¦ nursing paper), I have broadened my career horizons. Through these, I have manifested how I have progressed in the practice and have also been able to open new doors for learning and for sharing these wins with my colleagues.

The Renaissance Was A Period Of The Art And Learning...

The Renaissance was a period of the â€Å"rebirth† of the art and learning styles based on Greco-Roman inspiration. These ideas had been lost in Europe due to the Dark Ages. The Renaissance began in the 1300s, and it reached its crowning point during the 1500s. During this time, trading was thriving, and this allowed for innovative ideas to spread. Trade routes from the Middle East and far East brought mathematical and scientific advancements to Europe. The profits from trade allowed prosperous merchants to support artists to create new works of art. The rebirth was also included the influence of new ways of looking at the world. Also during this time artists and writers switched their attention towards an individualistic point of view. By incorporating new skills in their creations, they were able to express a humanism aspect. This was an era of great revolution in political, social, economic, and cultural extents. Ideals in the Renaissance involved the significance of an individual, which was humanism, inspiration from the Romans and Greeks, and realism. Someone was considered an ideal in the Renaissance if they had many special qualities or gifts in various areas. â€Å"Renaissance humanism was a response to the standard educational program that focused on logic and linguistics and the other great later medieval Christian philosophy, Scholasticism.† (roebuckclasses.com) This means that throughout the Renaissance, education was an important factor. During this time, theShow MoreRelated Italian Renaissance Arts Affect on Todays Culture Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesItalian Renaissance Arts Affect on Todays Culture World History Many of us today have things in our culture that we appreciate without thinking about where they have come from. The things we enjoy so much could be from another culture, and even another place in time. This document will explore the influence of Italian Renaissance art on todays civilization, which has greatly changed the art of today. The Renaissance was a time period that began in the early 1300s and lasted into the 1600sRead MoreMuseums Essays10752 Words   |  44 Pagesevery major city in the world and in many smaller communities as well. Museums  offer  many  benefits to their visitors, their communities, and society as a whole. As educational institutions, they offer unparalleled opportunities for self-directed learning and exploration by people of diverse ages, interests, backgrounds, and abilities. They are public gathering places where visitors can be entertained, inspired, and introduced to new ideas. Museums enrich local cultural life and make communities moreRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pages1256 and the court of Alphonso the Wise, king of Castille, and exerted a considerable influence on Western magic thereafter. It is said that much of Ficino’s astrological magic derives from the Picatrix (see I.P.Couliano, Eros and Magic in the Renaissance, University of Chicago Press, 1987, p. 118). The Picatrix is mentioned by Johannes Trithemius in Book 2 of his notorious Steganographia (1500) and in his Antipalus Maleficiorum (c. 1500). One copy (British Library, Sloane manuscript 3679) passed

Essay on Evaluation of Milgrams Obedience Study - 1023 Words

Evaluation of Milgrams Obedience Study Stanley Milgram was from a Jewish background and conducted the experiment to see how people can obey to an apparent authority figure e.g. Germans in World War II. He advertised for participants in a newspaper offering payment of $4.50. Volunteers were told that the experiment was looking at the effects of punishment on learning. The participant played the role of the ‘teacher’ and the ‘learner’ was a stooge, Mr Wallace. The teacher would ask the learner questions, when answered incorrectly they administered electric shocks of increasing voltage up to 450V. When the teacher began to worry the experimenter would use several prompts to encourage their†¦show more content†¦The BPS guidelines also say that deception in experiments should be avoided wherever possible and should only be used where scientifically justified and the study would be meaningless otherwise. They also say that deception should not occur if the participant will be unhappy with t he true nature of the experiment. Baumrind argues that there was an unnecessarily large amount of deception involved in the study. She believed that the experiment had poor cost and benefit analysis meaning that the deception outweighed the rewards. Milgram disagreed saying that deception is needed for the experiment to work. He debriefed all the participants afterwards and he could not predict their reaction. During and after an experiment the participant must have the right to withdraw. They should be able to leave the experiment at anytime and they can request to have their data removed from the experiment. Baumrind says that the participants could not exercise their right to withdraw due to the pressure the experimenter applied. Milgram used four ‘prompts’ to get the teacher to continue, ‘Please continue’, ‘The experiment requires that you continue’, ‘It is absolutely essential that you continue’ and ‘You have no other choice, you must go on’. Baumrind argues that this makes the participant think they do not have the right to withdraw themselves from theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Disobedience 1372 Words   |  6 PagesIn Stanley Milgram’s essay, â€Å"Perils of Disobedience†, an experiment was conducted to test an individual’s obedience from authority when conflicting with morally incorrect orders. Following the conclusion of World War Two, Milgram’s essay was published in Harper’s Magazine, which appeals to a national audience and yields an array of content from different contextual backgrounds. As Milgram reports the results of his experiment, he provides descriptive details of many of the subjects and their behaviorsRead MoreEssay on Stanley Milgram1913 Words   |  8 Pages This quote, by Stanley Milgram (1974, p. 205), exemplifies the debate that exists around the topic of obedience. Obedient behaviours have been studied in Milgram’s famous obedience experiments, and evidence of atrocities being carried out as a result of obedience can be seen in situations such as the holocaust in World War Two (Mastroianni, 2000) and more recent events such as (My Lai). This essay will explain both sides of the debate, arguing for situation and individual factors that influenceRead MoreA Consideration of the Ends Justifying the Means of Milgram’s Research Into Obedience2659 Words   |  11 PagesMeans of Milgram’s Research Into Obedience Stanley Milgram carried out a series of studies in 1963 and 1973 related to obedience to authority. These studies have been viewed as controversial ever since, mainly because of the ethical issues they raise. Although he was able to obtain conclusive results and discover that under certain situational influences anybody might obey orders that went against their conscience; the way in which he carried out his studies was arguablyRead MoreSocial Psychology And Social Influence1600 Words   |  7 Pagesthoughts and behaviour change by being exposed to beliefs, thoughts and opinions of others. It manifests in several forms, such as obedience, compliance and conformity. All these types of social influence have been studied by numerous researchers who investigated the reasons why people conform to social norms and obey to authorities, such as Milgram’s classic studies on obedience. His experiments support the popular idea of ‘banality of evil’ –Hannah Arendt (1963)’s famous phrase referring to the capabilityRead MoreConformity and Obedience Essay3326 Words   |  14 PagesConformity and Obedience Task: outline and evaluate findings from conformity and obedience research and consider explanations for conformity (and non-conformity), as well as evaluating Milgram’s studies of obedience (including ethical issues). The following essay will be about understanding what is meant by and distinguishing the differences between the terms conformity and obedience. It will show the evaluation of two key psychological studies which seek to explain why people do and do not conformRead MoreThe Delicate Topic of Authority1384 Words   |  5 Pagesminded. It is budding to be the most delicate issue today. Today more and more people question their authorities and have been becoming more of a problem of many nations. Authority in this study is interpreted as a person with ability to influence or suggest for a separate response for a certain stimuli. This study is concerned with the association of judgment or decision making to authority; because people are more liberated we wondered if authorities can affect the decision made by particular personsRead MorePhysiological Evaluation : Obedience And Authority Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesPhysiological Evaluation: Obedience to Authority In 1963, physiologist Stanley Milgram brought to light the idea of Obedience to Authority. He was stimulated by the trial and execution of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal who was put to death for the crimes he committed under Hitler’s authority (McLeod , Obedience to Authority, 2007). The objective of his research was centered on the question: â€Å"Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? CouldRead MoreBirds of a Feather Flock Together1558 Words   |  7 Pageshomogeneity, and illusory correlation. The in-group discussed here is the Germans and the out-group, the Jews. This ethnocentric view of us the good ones and them the bad. How conformity, obedience, and compliance to authority within a group specifically during WW II parallels Stanley Milgram’s obedience study. Irving Janis’ term groupthink allowed Hitler’s leadership style, group cohesion and crisis combine to suppress dissent wit hin his in-groups to such a degree that group members end up supportingRead MoreEthical Issues in Social Psychological Research6240 Words   |  25 Pagesadhering to these ethical principles as a backbone to social psychological research. As well as not taking humans and societies for granted. In doing so, I will refer to two studies that have generated various ethical issues. The first study was conducted in 1963 by Stanley Milgram on destructive obedience. The second study was conducted in 1976 by Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter on the effects of invasions on personal space. In the beginning I will provide a summary of the ethical principles followedRead MoreObedience : Obedience And Obedience1997 Words   |  8 PagesOBEDIENCE Obedience can be described as an action exhibited by an individual as a result of direct command or order from another person who is normally in position of authority. Obedience take place when an authority figure ask a person to do something, this usually entails people with status, that is, someone giving the command has to be above the person the order is being given to. Everyday Examples of Obedience Obedience plays a vital role in everyday life; it is an expectation for people to obey

The Reading Level Of A Child Called It By Dave Pelzer Essay

Although the reading level of A Child Called â€Å"It† by Dave Pelzer wasn’t difficult, processing the horror of the events that inspired the story was. People who experience traumatic situations can often recall the events with sharp clarity, which is exactly what Pelzer did. Riddled with grim details, the text takes readers on a journey through Dave Pelzer’s troubled early years. Through his meticulously documented experiences, readers get a perfect view into the torture that shaped his childhood. Although painful, the descriptions give students the opportunity to make observations and apply different approaches about development to Pelzer’s harrowing tale. By utilizing theories from Urie Bronfenbrenner, Jean Piaget, and Lawrence Kohlberg, one can effectively draw insightful conclusions about how abuse affected Dave Pelzer’s childhood. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model Some of the most painful situations in the book were when Dave seemed to be on the cusp of being saved from his terrifying home life, either by his father, school faculty, or a neighbor (Pelzer, 1995). There were too many times that someone knew of Dave’s condition and failed to protect him when they had the opportunity, due to fear, bureaucratic rules, or apathy. By using Urie Bronfenbrenner s Ecological system’s model, a person can better understand the different ways David was helped or hurt. Dave was not only failed in his microsystem, but in his mesosystem as well. The school staff could clearly seeShow MoreRelatedA Blind Eye to Our Abused Children in In A Child Called It by Dave Pelzer3371 Words   |  14 Pagescompleted the autopsy, he concluded that the result of death was a beating so hard across the abdomen that the five-year-olds intestines ruptured, which led to an internal bleeding. Two weeks prior to her death, a social worker noticed the abused child w hen the mother sought out services for food stamps. She had noticed the bruising on her arms, and her eyes, her eyes told a story no one could describe. So very often, ourselves we experience the abuse of children. For example, attending littleRead MoreChild Abuse1192 Words   |  5 Pages Doug mikel Child Abuse Sociology 111 Tues./Thurs. 8a-9:15a Tina Harrell 9/21/2014 Imagine living a life you fear, one you have to keep a secret. Always pretending to be happy and carefree when deep down thinking, Please don t let this day be the last. Living in a house where painful marks and scars are hidden by long sleeves, and jeans. Looking over your shoulder wondering when the next assault is going to be. â€Å"Almost five children die every day as a result of child abuse.  Ã‚  More thanRead MoreDave Pelzer - a Child Called It2120 Words   |  9 PagesThere is much to admire about Dave Pelzer. He proudly served his country during Desert Storm, and has received commendations from Presidents Reagan, Bush the First, and Clinton for his work as a motivational speaker. His other honors include being named Californias Volunteer of the Year in 1990, one of 1993s Ten Outstanding Young Americans, and one of the Outstanding Young Persons of the World for 1994. In addition, he is a best-selling author and a loving husband and father. Thats a lofty setRead MoreEssay about A Child Called It, The Lost Boy and A Man Named Dave2471 Words   |  10 PagesFor this report, I have read all three of Dave Pelzers books about his life: A Child Called â€Å"It†, The Lost Boy and A Man Named Dave. A Child Called â€Å"It† chronicles Daves life as a child, and is told from that viewpoint. From his earliest recollections of a relatively happy life with the Mommy to his life and death struggle with The Mother, this book details the horror of Dave’s dehumanizing existence. Going far beyond â€Å"typical† physical, emotional and psychological abuses, Dave’s story tellsRead MorePersonal Narrative: My Journey to Literacy Essays829 Words   |  4 Pagesovercoming a myriad of obstacles distinguishes my literacy history. Writing was one of the things I didn’t like to do as a child. I always thought writing was a waste of time and that I wasn’t going to need it in life. Even though I didn’t invest much time writing, I was one of the best writers in all my classes, probably because I was very dedicated in the other subjects and I loved reading adventure books. I learned how to read and write by the age of four, since in my native country à ¢â‚¬Å"the Dominican Republic†Read MoreChild Abuse And It s Connection With Social Work2060 Words   |  9 Pages Child Abuse and It’s Connection with Social Work Amanda Miller SWK 3301-01 Child Abuse and It’s Connection with Social Work â€Å"Childhood should be carefree, playing in the sun; not living a nightmare in the darkness of the soul† (Pelzer, 1995, p. 166). Various discussions, studies, and ethical problems are formed around the topic of child abuse. Child abuse, defined by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), is â€Å"any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent

Report from Survey, Nike and Li Ning free essay sample

Nike and Li Ning (shoes) We Have done an survey and a questionnaire between Nike Shoes and Li Ning Shoes. We have chosen these two brands because they are big competitors in the Chinese market and also worldwide. Nike has been a strong manufacturer in the sport shoes market for a long time and Li Ning is very new in the Sport shoes market, still Li Ning has entered strongly in to the market with a high quality, high performance and a very competitive price. Our purpose with this survey was to see what students at Hangzhou Dianzi University thinks about the brands and what brand they prefer, and why they prefer the brand. We have done the survey with a equality between the brands (Nike and Li Ning) so both brand can use the information from this survey. We went to a class where there were 40 students, we informed them about our survey and the purpose about this survey. We will write a custom essay sample on Report from Survey, Nike and Li Ning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Everyone did understand english perfectly and everyone had knowledge about both of the brands specially when it comes to shoes. We gave them a small questionnaire with enough data to get enough information for the purpose of this survey, and then also the student? could answer quick so we didnt take to much time of their quality study time. The questionnaire have 10 question which start with if they have heard about Li Ning and Nike and if they are Male or Female. Then the next 6 question is about what they think about the quality, price and performance for the different brands. They could chose between 1-6, which 1 is the lowest and 6 is the highest. After that we asked what brand they prefer and why, there they could also chose between quality, price and performance. We also know that its also important how the shoes look and the popularity about the brands, but we explained them if they could answer without thinking about the look and the popularity because it was what not the purpose with the survey. After we gather all the information we made a PPT with the survey and performance a presentation in front of class and showed them the successful data in diagrams of what we have collected. Please watch the PPT. Thank You. Best Ragards Knut Hauge and Tollef Vollan

Robert frost poems free essay sample

Robert Frost is a well-known American poet that often includes the element of natures beauty. As you read a poem by Robert Frost, what seems to stand out the most? Is it his ability to paint a mental picture in your mind that can shift and change? Generally, his writing includes nature that shows reality and how it represents life and human experience. However, because the deeper meanings of his poems are usually overlooked, many people use words such as loneliness, anguish and frustration to describe some of Frosts famous poems. In the poem Come In, Frost tells about the change from day to night and make an equal statement about stepping over the edge of life into death. The poem is filled with images of darkness which becomes a symbol of death, and music from songbirds, which help to build a chaotic scene. The speaker seems to have a feeling of anxiety and a certain sense of awe toward the situation taking place in the poem. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert frost poems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These feelings help display the poems overall theme that nature and life itself has a mysteriousness to it that should not be taken lightly. In the first line the speaker immediately makes a reference to the border between light and dark. The edge of the woods is a border between the nighttime of the inside and the light of the outside. Frost relates nature into the poem by expressing the dark forest at dusk, the sunset diminishing in the West and the birds singing their melodious song as the forest goes black. The poem is about the contrast of nature as well as the general darker and lighter side of life. The sun going down causing the forest to go dark represents somewhat the restrictions that occur in life. To me the bird symbolizes a robin that is unable to find the meaning of life, therefore, the poem represents self-motivation, beauty, choice, and aloneness. Even though the thrush was making its last song for the night, his intention was in the night, and what the night offered, sleep and darkness were of no concern. As Frost writes, Too dark in the woods for a bird, by sleight of wing he infers the darker restricted more side of life when on the other hand he writes, I was out for stars: I would not come in it reveals a lighter more upbeat side to life. He describes it as been as powerful as the last light of sun maybe implying that in every negative dark situation there is optimism and light hidden in it and there are means of escaping these restrictions, in life by rising above it. The message to take away from the poem is that we must allow our mind and spirit to wander to the woods go to that place which is lamentful, dark and mysterious, the unknown. In this wood, we must see the light of our own spirit telling us that which we love, do best and could do better. It is our own option to be present and responsible for not coming in not seeking the darkness of temptation. Rising above this darkness is done by ones self, and showing good judgment of what one loves and brings one joy and making life choices.

Examine how one theory of emotion may affect one cognitive process free essay sample

One theory of how emotion affects the cognitive process of memory is by a process known as a Flashbulb Memory. The theory is that these Flashbulb Memories will not only enhance the memory itself, but will make certain aspects of the memory more vivid and detailed. First, the Flashbulb Memory should be defined. Flashbulb memories are emotional memories that are remembered with great vivid detail and are almost photo like. For example, if someone were to experience a horrid natural disaster, they would most likely remember the situation more vividly than people not actually there. This instance is exactly what Brown and Kulik were trying to show in 1977, and what Conway was trying to express in 1994. They were dealing with the concept of emotion and how it affected one’s memory. However, emotion is not an easy thing to gage, as it is subjective to the individual and often times impulsive. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine how one theory of emotion may affect one cognitive process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first occurrence of the flashbulb memory was demonstrated by Brown and Kulik in their study of 1977. Brown and Kulik wanted to investigate flashbulb memories so that they could simply aid to their argument. The researchers interviewed 80 Americans, 40 African Americans, and 40 Caucasian Americans over ten specific events. Nine of these events consisted of assassinations on well-known Americans and one was a personal event. In these questions participants were asked if they had any significant remembrance of these events, both overtly and covertly. In the results, the researchers observed that 90% of all participants recalled the J. F. K. assassination in context and with great detail. Often times people had self-selected events that corresponded to his assassination, such as a death of a loved one.  Results also showed 73 % of African Americans recalled more information regarding the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.  than Caucasian Americans did. This study supported the Brown and Kulik’s theory of flashbulb memories, and seemed to last longer and more efficiently than other memories. However, the study was not controlled, one can really not know if the individuals were telling the truth or making up certain details. Most of the data collected was reliant on the person’s perspective than what really could have happened. Also, it is vital to remember that important events, such as both assassinations, received a great deal of media coverage. This could have aided in the recalling of these events, not making these experiences flashbulb memories. A study that tried to take the uncontrolled variable in proving the validity of flashbulb memories was Conway et al 1994. Conway wanted to support Brown and Kulik’s theory for flashbulb memory. In Conway’s study the participants were either UK or non-UK undergraduates and the idea of the study was based on the resignation of Margaret Thatcher, who was the Prime Minister of Britain in 1990. Participants were interviewed about the event a few days after the event actually happened. Then they were asked the same questions 11 months after the event. In the results they found that 86% of UK participants still had the flashbulb memory of the first account of Margaret Thatcher and were accurate to their primary response. Therefore, Conway made the accusation that this finding supports the flashbulb memory theory for this British event because it was of significance to British culture. British individuals obviously had emotional ties to this event. Since this study was an actual event and created an accountability between researchers, the study suggests that flashbulb memories may in fact be different from other memories. However, questions still remain towards the researchers of the theory. There weren’t exactly limitations in this 11 month period of news that could have been watched or read. This could leave a little area for discrepancy involving the media, since this was a very popular event. Neisser and Harsch in 1992 decided to investigate the validity of the flashbulb memory theory. In this experiment participants were asked to report on the memories of the challenger space disaster in 1986. Like the experiment done by Conway et al, Neisser and Harsch investigated people’s memory accuracy of the incident 24 hours after the explosion and then again two years after. The results were: one day after the disaster, 215 of the participants said that they heard about the disaster on television. Two and a half years later 45% of the participants claimed to have heard of the event on the television. Their memories of how they learned the news about the challenger disaster changed over time and was a huge loophole in the studies in favor of flashbulb memory. Through this study it can be concluded that flashbulb memories are not reliable and may in fact just be ordinary memories. From Brown and Kulik to Neisser and Harsch we arrive at completely different conclusions. There are many strengths to these studies, as they were all with real events that would have affected people emotionally, but some of the studies were lacking in validity. The studies that recorded before and after seemed to be more compelling than the ones that just assumed a certain answer. However, the longer the duration of time between the before and after results most likely produced more variables being tested, rather than just one. Based on the studies outlined it only seems accurate that these flashbulb memories actually exist and affect our memory. The real analysis of these findings are how they actually influence behavior. Emotion can affect memory, and ultimately behavior in someone’s life. As crucial events happen, with the support of Brown and Kulik and Conway’s studies, memory can be seen to change in the eye of the beholder and can form unforgiving grudges or skeptical visions. Human behavior is so touchy, especially with the idea of false memories. Even if flashbulb memories are shown to be accurate to previous encounters those memories will still have been formed by some sort of trauma. This ultimately affects behavior, and is often times where stereotypes, and close-minded ideas are formed. So, flashbulb memories can create caution or aggression, hate or love, peace or chaos. The key is not letting these emotions dictate one’s behavior.